Urosorb

Urosorb is a urological herbal preparation used in complex treatment for inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary tract and urolithiasis. Urosorb does not contain additives and does not contain titanium dioxide and consists exclusively of extracts.

Rosemary leaves

Composition of rosemary leaves: rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, carnosol , rosmanol , rosmanial , ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, genquanin , apigenin and luteolin.

They have an antibacterial effect, diuretic properties, and are used in the complex treatment of genitourinary tract infections.

Rosemary is effective against Staphylococcus bacteria saprophyticus , which often causes cystitis. Reduce the growth of a number of gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. An important component is rosmarinic acid. It is able to suppress bacteria and viruses, inhibit the synthesis of inflammatory mediators.

The antioxidants contained in rosemary (rosmarinic acid, phenolic diterpenes , etc.) help reduce oxidation processes during inflammation and maintain blood supply to the kidneys, protecting against ischemic nephropathy.

Bitters carnosol , rosmanol , rosmanial relax muscle tissue and relieve spasms. The flavonoids genquanin and luteolin have a high anti-inflammatory effect.

Centaury grass

Centaury grass is rich in phenolic and cinnamic acids, contains flavonoids, polysubstituted xanthones , and the alkaloid gentianine .

Glycosides are important for the treatment of urinary tract diseases. Svetiamarin and sveroside3 are the main active components of the extract, responsible for bitterness. Glycosides inhibit the growth of bacteria and prevent their movement from the ureter higher. Another important component is phenolcarboxylic acids. They have an osmotic effect: they prevent the reabsorption of water and sodium salts, remove fluid to the outside, and provide a diuretic effect.

Lovage root

Lovage root is rich in phthalides and essential oil.

Phthalides play a role in pain relief. They eliminate discomfort and make urination easier. Lovage root is recommended as a strong diuretic that prevents the reabsorption of water in the kidneys. And some data suggest that lovage enhances the effect of antibiotics, so Urosorb can be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of antibacterial drugs. Essential oils improve blood flow and relieve spasms.

Common bearberry.

Bearberry is a natural herbal diuretic with complex diuretic, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects. This multi-directional effect is achieved thanks to the exceptionally rich composition of this medicinal plant. Bearberry contains arbutin and methylarbutin , hydroquinone, tannins, phenol glycosides . The medicinal properties of the infusion of bearberry leaves are actively used in urology – in the treatment of cystitis, urethritis and other infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary system.

Indications for use:

in the complex treatment of inflammatory diseases of the bladder and urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis).

Effect of using Urosorb :

Normalizes urination, prevents the formation and re-growth of stones, prevents inflammation of the genitourinary system, helps eliminate microorganisms, reduces pain symptoms, has an antispasmodic effect

Advantages of Urosorb :

– extraction with maximum preservation of active substances

– standardized form – each tablet and drop contains the same amount of active ingredients

– does not contain titanium dioxide

– without the use of GMOs and stabilizers

Effects when using Urosorb :

Urosorb effectively complements antibiotic treatment, and in the case of uncomplicated cystitis, it can become an alternative to antibiotics, as monotherapy . It also helps reduce the frequency and intensity of relapses of cystitis and urethritis. The drug reduces the frequency of relapses of pyelonephritis, this is due to the bacteriostatic effect of the drug. Urosorb has a beneficial effect on the physicochemical properties of urine, stabilizes pH , prevents the formation of stones, and promotes the active removal of salts from the body. Urosorb has a pronounced lithological effect.

A course of taking 2 tablets 3 times a day from 14 to 28 days. In case of urolithiasis, the course can be extended to 3-6 months.

Urosorb S

Natural cranberry with Vitamin C. Cranberry is a prolific shrub. Cranberries contain substances that protect the walls of the genitourinary system from the formation, sedimentation and reproduction of pathogenic microbes on them. Therefore, traditionally cranberry is used mainly for genitourinary tract infections. Added Vitamin C to the formula along with cranberries helps both support the immune system and increase urine acidity, thereby enhancing the benefits of cranberries.

Cranberries contain proanthocyanidins (PACs), substances that can prevent bacteria from attaching to the walls of the bladder. This may help prevent infections and reduce the need to go to a healthcare facility.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin. It is a powerful antioxidant, protecting proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids from the effects of free radicals. Provides collagen synthesis, participates in the metabolism of folic acid and iron, plays an important role in the synthesis of steroid hormones and catecholamines. The human body cannot replenish vitamin reserves on its own, so it must receive ascorbic acid from food.

Urosorb C is used for acute and chronic cystitis and urethritis, stabilizes the pH of urine, and prevents the attachment of pathogenic microflora to the wall of the genitourinary tract. The drug of choice for stabilization after acute inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary tract.

Advantages:

– high quality cranberry extract allows you to take up to 3 tablets per day, increasing the effect of the drug.

– does not contain titanium dioxide

Dry cranberry extract, standardized (40% proanthocyanidins ) in terms of proanthocyanidins – 36 mg, ascorbic acid – 60 mg. Pack contains 30 capsules

A course of 1-3 capsules for up to 30 days. For chronic diseases of the genitourinary system, it is recommended to take a course of 10-20 days a month for up to 6 months.

3. Urosorb S Forte

Natural cranberries with Vitamin C and D-mannose. Cranberry is a prolific shrub. Cranberries contain substances that protect the walls of the genitourinary system from the formation, sedimentation and reproduction of pathogenic microbes on them. Therefore, traditionally cranberry is used mainly for genitourinary tract infections. Added Vitamin C to the formula along with cranberries helps both support the immune system and increase urine acidity, thereby enhancing the benefits of cranberries. D-mannose in the drug has the maximum bacteriostatic effect.

D-mannose is a substance of plant origin. D-mannose is practically not broken down in the body: after absorption, it enters unchanged into the bladder, where it binds to the filaments ( pili ) of bacteria and prevents them from attaching to the cells of the bladder. As a result, bacteria leave the body along with urine.

Escherichia coli coli _ These bacteria look like sticks with many threads – the so-called fibria , which are attached to the epithelium of the bladder, which causes inflammation and further escalation of cystitis, up to the presence of blood in the urine (hemorrhagic cystitis). D-mannose binds bacterial fimria , due to which they can no longer attach to the walls of the bladder and are excreted in the urine. Clinical studies have shown that regular intake of D-mannose prevents exacerbation of cystitis.

Urosorb S Forte is used for acute and chronic cystitis and urethritis, stabilizes the pH of urine, prevents the attachment of pathogenic microflora to the wall of the genitourinary tract. The drug of choice for stabilization after acute inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary tract or frequent exacerbations of chronic cystitis.

Advantages:

– high quality cranberry extract allows you to take up to 3 tablets per day, increasing the effect of the drug.

Escherichia coli coli

– does not contain titanium dioxide

1 tab.
D-mannose	450 mg
Cranberry extract	90 mg
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	60 mg

The course of administration is 1-2 tablets for 14 days. The course can be repeated. For chronic diseases of the genitourinary system, it is recommended to take a course of 14 days a month for up to 6 months.

Bladder anatomy

The bladder is a hollow muscular organ that serves as a reservoir for urine, located just behind the pubic bone. In men, the seminal vesicles, vas deferens, ureters and rectum are adjacent to the bladder at the back. In women, the uterus and proximal vagina are located between the bladder and rectum.

The volume of the bladder can vary significantly depending on how full it is. The physiological capacity of the bladder is on average 250–350 ml, the anatomical capacity is up to 1000 ml.

The wall of the bladder is represented by: mucosa, submucosa, muscular and outer adventitia. The serous membrane lines only the bottom of the bladder.

The mucous membrane of the bladder has the ability to remain intact in the presence of urine, a rather aggressive liquid, in the bladder.

The bladder consists of an apex, body, bottom and lower narrow part – the neck. At the bottom of the bladder is a triangular area known as the vesical triangle or Lieto’s triangle . Urine enters the bladder from the ureters at the very top of the triangle and leaves the bladder through the urethra at the very bottom.

The bladder neck is a funnel-shaped extension at the bottom of the bladder, which then connects to the urethra. It is 2-3 cm long and forms a muscular band around the urethra known as the internal sphincter. The sphincter is usually tightly closed and prevents urine from leaking from the bladder. When a person decides to release urine, the sphincter relaxes and urine flows from the bladder into the urethra.

Cystitis- What is cystitis?

Cystitis is an inflammation that mainly affects the mucous membrane of the bladder, rarely the submucosal and muscular layer. Usually the disease is caused by microorganisms (bacterial cystitis), but can develop without the participation of pathogenic microflora (allergic, toxic).

Every year more than 2 million cases of acute cystitis are detected in Belarus. More than half of the visits to the urologist are related to acute or recurrent chronic cystitis.

Women are more susceptible to cystitis; about a quarter of them have encountered this pathology at least once. This situation is due to the peculiarities of the anatomy of the female body – a short and wide urethra, its location near natural foci of accumulation of microorganisms (anus, vagina). In a third of patients, the disease recurs within 12 months, in a tenth its chronicity is observed .

Children are in second place in terms of frequency of detection of cystitis. In girls, the development of the disease is most often provoked by vaginal dysbiosis, in boys – by phimosis. Sometimes in children of both sexes the pathology develops sporadically, due to an accidental infection.

In men, cystitis is diagnosed quite rarely, mainly simultaneously with exacerbation of chronic prostatitis.

Cystitis mainly occurs due to microorganisms entering the bladder. In 80-95% of cases, this is Escherichia coli, which lives in the rectum located near the urinary organs. Often the bacteria enters the urethra due to neglect of hygiene rules and improper washing. Inflammation is also caused by other microbes – staphylococci and enterococci, pathogens of sexually transmitted infections – chlamydia, trichomonas, Candida fungi , herpes virus.

Routes of infection:

ascending – the most common, microorganisms penetrate the urethra;

descending – from the kidney, in which inflammation (pyelonephritis) develops along the ureter;

direct – when opening an abscess from nearby tissues, in case of injury, surgery;

hematogenous – from distant inflammatory foci with blood flow;

lymphogenous – with lymph flow during inflammation in the pelvic organs.

There are factors that increase the risk of cystitis. These include:

hypothermia;

chronic stress, constant overwork;

general decrease in immunity;

tendency to constipation;

failure to comply with hygiene rules;

abuse of alcohol, spicy, salty foods, spices;

hormonal changes (pregnancy, menopause);

congestion in the pelvic organs;

chronic pathologies of the genitourinary area;

impaired urine passage and incomplete emptying of the bladder in certain diseases and malformations of the urinary organs.

The risk groups for cystitis include the following categories of patients:

children;

women at the beginning of sexual activity;

pregnant women;

women during menopause and postmenopause.

In rare cases, the causes of the disease are non-infectious factors – sensitization of the body by allergens, radiation, chemical, mechanical effects.

Classification of cystitis:

By etiology:

infectious – develops due to bacterial exposure;

non-infectious – develops as a result of exposure to toxins, allergens, medications, radiation, chemicals.

By pathogenesis:

primary (uncomplicated) – develops as an independent disease against the background of relative health and without disturbances in the outflow of urine in women of fertile age;

secondary (complicated) – due to disturbances in urodynamics with concomitant pathologies: tuberculosis, bladder tumors, urolithiasis.

According to morphological changes:

catarrhal – inflammation does not extend beyond the mucous membrane of the bladder;

hemorrhagic – the lesion affects small vessels of the submucosal layer;

ulcerative-fibrinous – ulcers form on the mucous and submucous membranes, penetrating to the muscle layer;

gangrenous – necrotic changes in the organ wall develop;

interstitial – is considered an independent disease in which, due to the spread of inflammation to the mucous membrane, submucosal membrane and muscle layer, coupled with the influence of aggressive elements contained in the urine, scar changes occur in the mucous membrane and smooth muscles of the bladder, scar deformation, decreased volume, urinary incontinence

Sometimes separate forms of the disease are identified: postcoital cystitis and “honeymoon cystitis” (occurs after defloration), which develop as a result of vaginal mucus reflux into the urethra.

There are community-acquired and hospital-acquired forms of inflammation. Sick leave is characterized by increased resistance of the microorganisms that caused it to antibiotic therapy.

By stage, cystitis is divided into acute and chronic .

Acute – occurs independently, without preceding pathologies, disturbances in the passage of urine and structural changes in the organs of the urinary system.

Chronic recurrent ( persistent ) cystitis is characterized by two or more episodes within 6 months, or three episodes within a year. It is divided into an exacerbation phase and a remission phase. A chronic course without exacerbations is possible (latent cystitis), the only symptom of which is frequent urination.

Acute cystitis:

Acute cystitis develops suddenly, against the background of complete health, due to exposure to provoking factors, or without it. A characteristic symptom is frequent and painful (especially at the end of emptying the bladder) urination. Possible, but not necessary, pain in the bladder area outside of urination, change in urine color. The general condition does not always suffer; its disturbance (temperature, fever, symptoms of intoxication) indicates the spread of inflammation to other organs of the urinary system.

Chronic cystitis:

The symptoms of chronic cystitis are similar to those of the acute process, but are less pronounced. The chronic form is characterized by frequent, painful urination with pain and discomfort, pain above the pubis, lower abdomen, lower back, along the urethra, the appearance of pus in the urine (cloudy urine, from white and whitish-yellowish to green, with flakes). A rise in body temperature to subfebrile levels is periodically possible.

Complications of cystitis:

vesicoureteral reflux;

pyelonephritis;

paracystitis;

trigonitis – inflammation of the bladder triangle;

interstitial cystitis;

abscess, empyema;

urinary incontinence due to sphincter dysfunction;

spread of inflammation to the pelvic organs;

reproductive impairment.

Diagnosis of cystitis

The diagnosis is made based on the patient’s complaints, medical history, examination by a urologist, gynecologist or andrologist, test results and instrumental examination data.

Laboratory research:

general urine analysis

clinical blood test;

bacteriological examination, urine culture (for complicated or recurrent cystitis).

To identify factors causing relapses of the disease, a smear and culture of vaginal discharge, scraping from the urethra and cervical canal, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulins to the herpes virus and cytomegalovirus are sometimes prescribed.

Instrumental examinations:

Ultrasound of the urinary and pelvic organs;

computer or magnetic resonance imaging of the genitourinary system.

For complicated or recurrent cystitis, cystourethrography , cystoscopy with biopsy, or a comprehensive urodynamic study are prescribed.

Treatment of cystitis

The urologist will give the correct recommendations for treatment. When the first signs of cystitis appear, you should consult a doctor immediately, without waiting for self-cure and without relying on folk remedies

The basis of treatment:

At the initial stages, herbal preparations based on herbal extracts that have a bacteriostic effect, such as Urosorb , for a course of 10-30 days. If the symptom persists, it is necessary to adjust the treatment and add antibacterial ( fosfomycin + nitrofurntoin ) and symptomatic therapy with NSAIDs;

following a diet that excludes hot, spicy, salty foods, alcohol, sweets, and carbonated drinks;

drinking plenty of fluids (water, sour fruit drinks, urological preparations);

How do urologists treat cystitis?

Herbal preparations as monotherapy , such as Urosorb , at the first signs of cystitis
If painful urination persists. Drugs Nitrofurantoin course 10 days + Uroseptics ( Urosorb up to 30 days)
If there is a fever or symptoms persist after course of treatment No. 2. Antibacterial Therapy ( fosfomycin once or a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics) + Nitrofurantoin course 10 days + Urospetics ( Urosorb up to 30 days)

Antibacterial therapy is aimed at destroying the causative agents of the disease, symptomatic (antispasmodics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, painkillers) – at alleviating its symptoms. Additionally, the doctor may recommend that the patient take multivitamins and immunomodulators. In case of a recurrent process, drugs based on bacteriophages are used.

The first place in the treatment of secondary cystitis is to eliminate the cause that caused it. For some types of cystitis, for example, postcoital cystitis , which occurs as a result of a deeply located external urethral opening, surgical intervention is indicated – urethral transposition. Hormone replacement therapy is used in menopausal and postmenopausal women.

Cystitis is usually treated on an outpatient basis, with some exceptions. Indications for hospitalization:

serious condition of the patient;

concomitant diseases – diabetes mellitus, immunodeficiency states, decompensated heart failure;

complicated cystitis;

inflammation of the bladder due to dysfunction of the cystostomy ;

ineffectiveness of antibiotic therapy or impossibility of its implementation at home.

Prevention of cystitis

General prevention of cystitis:

For chronic cystitis, after a course of treatment, it is recommended to take medications with cranberry extract or a combination of cranberry + D-mannose ( Urosorb S or Urosorb S Forte). This therapy will help prevent re-escalation of cystitis by preventing bacterial flora from gaining a foothold on the bladder wall.

proper hygiene of the external genitalia, starting in early childhood;

maintaining hygiene during sexual activity;

exclusion of provoking factors – hypothermia, stress, a large number of hot, salty, spicy dishes on the menu;

sufficient daily fluid intake;

timely treatment of diseases of the pelvic organs.

For patients who have suffered acute cystitis, after sexual intercourse, forced urination and a single use of an antibacterial drug prescribed by a doctor are recommended. Periodically, as prescribed by the urologist, immunological prophylaxis is carried out.

Urolithiasis disease

Urolithiasis ( urolithiasis ) refers to diseases of the urinary system. Its main symptom is the deposition of concretions (stones) in the genitourinary system. Most often, the bladder and kidneys are susceptible to stone formation. People who live in cities are more likely to get sick, which is related to the environment and water quality.

The disease can be chronic, with periodic relapses, or it can manifest itself only once and, after the patient recovers, never return.

Symptoms

The first signs of urolithiasis include sensations of nagging pain or dull pain in the kidney area, as well as the bladder. Frequent urination should also alert you. As the disease progresses, other symptoms appear:

renal colic – sharp pain, which is considered one of the most severe;

nausea and vomiting due to attacks of pain;

painful sensations during urination;

decreased amount of urine;

blood in the urine, blood clots, or urine turning the color of meat slop

increased weakness, fatigue;

chills;

temperature increase.

If symptoms of urolithiasis are detected, do not treat yourself under any circumstances, do not try to wait out the pain – immediately call an ambulance.

To reduce symptoms, you need to take drotaverine + NSAIDs + Uroseptic ( Urosorb )

Complications of urolithiasis

Urolithiasis, if the patient is not treated in time, can lead to more serious consequences:

Bacterial urinary tract infection;

pyelonephritis and other kidney diseases;

nephrosclerosis. These are transformations of kidney tissue that are associated with degenerative processes;

Uro sepsis, bacterial shock

If the kidney is completely blocked for a long time, hydronephrosis may develop, which will subsequently lead to nephrosclerosis and complete loss of kidney function.

Causes of urolithiasis

There are many causes of urolithiasis, the main ones are as follows:

drinking water with plenty of minerals. It is also called hard water. Water supersaturated with calcium salts most strongly contributes to the development of the disease;

a menu rich in high-protein foods, as well as too sour and spicy dishes;

deficiencies of individual vitamins – most often belonging to group B and vitamin A;

physical inactivity – that is, an insufficiently active lifestyle also contributes to urolithiasis;

some bad habits. Thus, the development of stones is promoted by excessive alcohol consumption;

taking certain medications not according to instructions, in excessive quantities;

structural features of the urinary system. We are talking about anomalies such as a narrowed lumen of the urinary tract;

various inflammations, including urethritis, cystitis, etc.;

severe and regular dehydration;

Many of these causes of urolithiasis can act in combination, in a complex manner – it all depends on the situation.

Types of urolithiasis

Stones can be formed on the basis of uric acid salts, magnesium salts, calcium compounds, with the help of proteins or be polymineral. (oxalates, urates , phosphates)

Diagnosis of urolithiasis

As in many other cases, the diagnosis of urolithiasis begins with collecting an anamnesis and analyzing the patient’s complaints. Already based on the information that the patient feels severe pain and has problems with urination, certain conclusions can be drawn.

The following are assigned:

general blood analysis;

general urinalysis and biochemistry;

general urinalysis (very often the presence of red blood cells in the urine means the movement of stones)

Ultrasound of the bladder and kidneys.

When making a diagnosis, it is important to exclude other diseases that have similar symptoms, for example, acute cholecystitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis and other diseases.

Treatment of urolithiasis

The main principle of treatment of urolithiasis is the evacuation of the stone from the structure of the genitourinary tract and the restoration of adequate passage of urine from the kidney and bladder.

Thus, treatment of urolithiasis comes down to several points:

Treatment regimen for the acute phase of the disease (renal colic)

Drotaverine + NSAIDs + Tamsulosin + Uroseptic ( Urosorb )

The main task of drotaverine and NSAIDs is to relax the ureter for the passage of the stone, taking tamsulosin is to widen the mouth of the ureter so that the stone can pass into the bladder, uroseptic ( Urosorb ) herbal extracts destroy the wall of the stone, reducing it in size.

Treatment regimen for urolithiasis without obstruction (block)

The main treatment regimen is taking uroseptics , for example ( Urosorb 2t 3 times a day 20 days a month up to 6 months)

The process of dissolving stones is slow, which is associated with a long time of taking urospetic agents . If the block is preserved due to the presence of a calculus, the patient is recommended to undergo surgical treatment.

Diet for urolithiasis is important: high-quality drinking regimen, limiting fatty, spicy, spices, coffee, tea, chocolate. Legumes, citrus fruits, dairy products and many other types of food are also not recommended – each patient is given a detailed reminder.

Prevention of urolithiasis:

Measures to prevent urolithiasis are the following:

undergo routine examinations annually

Ultrasound of the kidneys and bladder

Drinking regime: at least 1.5 liters of liquid

Diet

In the presence of urolithiasis, take urospetic agents annually when micronephrolithiasis (sand/small stones in the kidneys or bladder) appears.

What is leukoplakia of the bladder?

Normally, the mucous membrane is covered with stratified squamous epithelium, which plays a protective role (protects the organ from the aggressive action of urine). With leukoplakia, zones appear in which cells cease to form glycogen and gradually turn into keratinized cells that can slough off and thereby expose the submucosal layer.

Most often, areas of leukoplakia of the bladder appear in the area of Lieto’s triangle . This is the space in the bottom of the bladder, the apexes of which are the ureteric orifices on both sides and the internal urethral opening at the bottom.

Leukoplakia is considered the least studied disease in urology. To date, the exact causes of development and the full mechanism of the occurring pathological changes have not been established.

In the area of leukoplakia of the bladder, the mucous membrane is devoid of a protective barrier. Urine gradually “leaks” through the epithelium into the submucosal layer, irritating the nerve endings passing through it. This causes long-lasting discomfort in the suprapubic region, a frequent desire to empty the bladder, and the act of urination is accompanied by pain. Such patients are treated for a long time for repeatedly recurring cystitis, exacerbations of which occur soon after the end of the course of therapy. This is due to the fact that in the area affected by leukoplakia, mucus production is disrupted. Therefore, bacteria that enter the bladder can easily attach to the mucous membrane and cause inflammation.

Leukoplakia of the bladder is treated primarily with conservative methods – uroseptics ( Urosorb 2t 3 times a day 20 days a month up to 6 months). However, if drug therapy is ineffective and the inter-relapse period is short, the issue is resolved in favor of minimally invasive surgical intervention. Such patients may be indicated for resection of the mucosal area or laser enucleation of the area of leukoplakia that has undergone keratinization. The operation is performed transurethrally – instruments are inserted through the natural openings of the urethra. The recovery period is short, the therapeutic effectiveness of the method is high.

Symptoms of leukoplakia of the bladder

Clinical signs of leukoplakia of the bladder are usually presented:

frequent urination, which is accompanied by discomfort;

unpleasant or painful sensations behind the symphysis pubis or in the suprapubic region;

sudden and poorly controlled urge to go to the toilet “in a small way.”

A decrease in the protective reserves of the bladder makes it more vulnerable to infections, so the symptoms of cystitis appear again and again.

Causes of leukoplakia of the bladder

Currently, the causes of the development of leukoplakia of the bladder are considered in the context of urogenital infections, among which special importance is given to those caused by chlamydia, ureaplasma , gonococci, trichomonas, herpesviruses types 1 and 2, as well as genital mycoplasma . These pathogens are thought to cause damage to the epithelium lining the bladder. As a result, the formation of foci of squamous metaplasia is initiated. However, subsequently the causative role of the infection is gradually lost and further damage to the urothelium occurs under the influence of other factors. Thus, with leukoplakia, the normal glycosaminoglycan layer that covers the outside (from the side of the bladder cavity) of the mucous membrane is destroyed .

Diagnosis of leukoplakia

Patients with complaints suspicious for leukoplakia are prescribed urine and blood tests. As a rule, no significant changes are detected in the blood. Due to the frequent addition of the inflammatory process, an increased content of leukocytes may be detected in the urine. However, a similar situation can occur with ordinary cystitis. If inflammation of the bladder recurs repeatedly, despite correctly administered antimicrobial therapy, then cystoscopy is added to the diagnostic program.

Cystoscopy is the main method for visualizing leukoplakic changes. They look like silvery-white or pearlescent plaques located against a background of pink mucosa. In some cases, the keratinizing epithelium can cover significant areas, and the normal membrane with compensatory dilated arteries is preserved only over a small area.

Despite the characteristic cystoscopic picture, sometimes endoscopic diagnosis can be difficult. This is due to the encrustation of leukoplakic lesions with phosphate salts , as a result of which they lose their characteristic silvery coloration. In such cases, the diagnosis is established solely by histological examination; the material for the biopsy is a sample of a piece of film taken along with the underlying tissues.

It is worth noting that histological confirmation of the diagnosis, even with a clear cystoscopic picture, is a prerequisite. This is primarily dictated by the fact that it is necessary to exclude squamous cell papilloma and sometimes even bladder cancer. Treatment is prescribed only after morphological verification of the pathological process. Women with leukoplakia are also advised to consult a gynecologist to rule out sexually transmitted infections.

Prevention of leukoplakia of the bladder

No specific preventive measures have been developed. However, to reduce the risk of developing leukoplakia, it may be useful to use condoms, which prevent infection with sexually transmitted infections. It is important to promptly treat inflammatory processes of the genitourinary organs, which will protect the bladder epithelium from long-term damage. Regularly perform a general urine test and identify asymptomatic bacteriuria. It is also recommended to take uroseptics for up to a month after an exacerbation of cystitis ( Urosorb 2t 3 times a day for 30 days)

Rehabilitation after surgical treatment of leukoplakia

For several days after surgery, the patient is given antibiotics to reduce infectious and inflammatory risks. Urine diversion is carried out through a urethral catheter, which is usually removed on the second postoperative day. It is recommended to drink at least 2 liters of water per day to clean the surgical wound faster, and to take uroseptics for up to 6 months to prevent bacterial invasion and early relapse.